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What are the physical properties of Benzene, O-Nitrofluoro-?
The physical properties of benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene are as follows:
Benzene is a colorless and transparent liquid with a special aromatic odor. Its boiling point is about 80.1 ° C, its melting point is 5.5 ° C, and its density is lighter than that of water, about 0.8765g/cm ³. It is insoluble in water, but easily soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol and ether. Benzene is highly volatile, and its vapor is heavier than air. It can spread to a considerable distance at a lower place. In case of open flame and high heat, it can cause combustion and explosion.
O-nitrofluorobenzene is a colorless or light yellow liquid with a boiling point of 205 ° C, a melting point of about -29.7 ° C, and a density of 1.474g/cm ³. It is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents such as ethanol, ether, and acetone. O-nitrofluorobenzene is irritating and may cause damage to the human body if inhaled, ingested or absorbed through the skin. And it is a flammable liquid, which can burn in case of open flame and hot topic, and can react strongly when contacted with oxidants.
Both are organic compounds and have a wide range of uses in the chemical industry. Benzene is often used as an organic solvent and a raw material for the synthesis of many organic compounds; o-nitrofluorobenzene is mostly used in the synthesis of intermediates in the pharmaceutical, pesticide, dye and other industries. However, both are dangerous, and relevant safety procedures should be followed carefully when using and storing to prevent accidents.
What are the chemical properties of Benzene, O-Nitrofluoro-?
The author of "Tiangong Kaiwu", written by Yingxing in the Ming and Song Dynasties, is a collection of the great achievements of ancient science and technology. However, today I asked "the chemical properties of benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene", and I should say it in ancient Chinese.
Benzene is a cyclic hydrocarbon with a unique structure. Its properties are relatively stable, and it is difficult to react with general oxidants and reducing agents. Under normal temperature and pressure, it is a colorless liquid with a special odor and density less than water. Benzene can undergo a substitution reaction. For example, under the action of a catalyst with a halogen, a halogen atom can replace the hydrogen atom on the benzene ring. This reaction is based on the electron cloud structure of its benzene ring, so that the hydrogen atom can be replaced by other atoms or groups.
O-nitrofluorobenzene, above the benzene ring, has both nitro (-NO 2) and fluorine atoms (-F). Nitro is a strong electron-absorbing group, which reduces the electron cloud density of the benzene ring, so the chemical activity of o-nitrofluorobenzene is changed compared with benzene. Its electrophilic substitution activity decreases, but its nucleophilic substitution activity increases. Although fluorine atoms have a certain electron-withdrawing property, their radius is small and they are relatively stable in connection with the benzene ring. O-nitrofluorobenzene can undergo hydrolysis reaction, and under appropriate conditions, fluorine atoms can be replaced by hydroxyl groups (-OH). And because of the existence of nitro groups, it can participate in the reduction reaction, and nitro groups can be reduced to amino groups (-NH 2).
In summary, benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene exhibit different chemical properties due to the difference in atoms and groups in their structures, which are all the wonders of chemical changes.
What are the main uses of Benzene, O-Nitrofluoro-?
"Tiangong Kaiwu" is a masterpiece of ancient science and technology in our country, but there is no mention of "Benzene, O - Nitrofluoro -". "Benzene" is benzene, "O - Nitrofluoro -" or refers to organic compounds such as o-nitrofluorobenzene. These are all modern chemical terms, and ancient chemistry has not reached this level of cognition and naming.
Today's benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene are widely used. Benzene is a basic organic chemical raw material and plays an important role in synthetic fibers, synthetic rubber, plastics, pesticides, medicine, dyes and other industries. Such as synthetic polystyrene plastics, which are widely used in packaging, electrical enclosures, etc.; synthetic nylon fibers, which can be used to make clothing and ropes.
O-nitrofluorobenzene is also important. In the field of medicine, it is used to synthesize a variety of pharmaceutical intermediates, such as quinolones and antibacterial drugs; in the dye industry, it is used to make fluorine-containing reactive dyes to make the dyeing more firm and bright; in the synthesis of pesticides, it can prepare high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides and enhance the ability of crops to resist diseases and pests.
Although "Tiangong Kaiwu" does not involve these two, its records of traditional chemical, agricultural and handicraft technologies are precious materials for ancient scientific and technological research in our country, and the application of benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene is also the key to the development of modern chemical industry and promotes the progress of related industries
What are the production methods of Benzene, O-Nitrofluoro-?
The method of making o-nitrofluorobenzene has been used in ancient times. There are many methods, so I will describe them today.
First, fluorobenzene is used as the beginning, and through the technique of nitrification. Fluorobenzene is mixed with nitrides, and at a specific temperature, accompanied by a suitable catalyst, the two are sympathetic, and then become o-nitrofluorobenzene. Among them, the control of temperature and the choice of catalyst are the key. If the temperature is high, the side should be clumped; if the temperature is low, it should be slow and oligogenous. The good and bad of the catalyst is also related to the speed of response and the purity of production.
Second, the method of halogen exchange is carried out with o-nitrochlorobenzene as the base. Make o-nitrochlorobenzene and fluoride-containing compounds meet in liquid or solid phase, and through chemical reaction, chlorine is fluorinated to form o-nitrofluorobenzene. In this way, specific solvents and auxiliaries are required to promote the smooth operation of the reaction. The nature of the solvent is related to the solubility of the substance and the environment it should be in; the ability of the auxiliaries can adjust the rate and balance of the reaction.
Third, it starts with phenols and goes through multiple steps. First make phenols into fluorine substitutes, and then nitrify them. This path and step are complicated, but it may have its own length in terms of the convenience of raw materials or the purity of the product. Each step should be carefully considered to ensure that the conditions should be smooth and the effect should be high.
All these methods have advantages and disadvantages. Chemists should choose the right one according to the availability of raw materials, the level of cost, the amount of yield, the purity of the product, and other factors, in order to achieve good results.
Benzene, O-Nitrofluoro - What are the precautions during use?
The "Making Salty" article in "Tiangong Kaiwu" says: "Although nitrate is salty, it tastes different." Each product has its own characteristics. When using benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene, you should be careful. The following things should not be ignored.
First, it is related to toxicity. Benzene is highly toxic and can cause diseases of the blood system, such as aplastic anemia, and even cause leukemia. O-nitrofluorobenzene is also toxic, or damages the human nervous system and blood system. When using it, protective equipment, such as gas masks, protective gloves, and protective clothing, must be comprehensive to prevent poisons from entering the body.
Second, focus on igniting. Benzene is flammable, and its vapor and air can form an explosive mixture. In case of open flame and high heat, it can burn violently. Although o-nitrofluorobenzene is slightly less flammable than benzene, it is also flammable. Where it is used, the source of fire should be far away. Electrical equipment needs to be explosion-proof. Ventilation and ventilation devices must always be kept smooth to avoid the accumulation of combustible gases.
Third, pay attention to the operation. When using both, the action should be slow to prevent it from splashing out. Weighing, transfer and other operations should be done in the fume hood to avoid the spread of harmful gases. And both are soluble in organic solvents. When using organic solvents, attention should also be paid to their properties to prevent adverse reactions.
Fourth, it is related to storage. Benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene should be stored in a cool and ventilated place, away from fire and heat sources. Benzene needs to be sealed to prevent volatilization; o-nitrofluorobenzene should also be properly sealed and stored separately from oxidants and acids. Do not mix and store to avoid danger.
With benzene and o-nitrofluorobenzene, if walking on the side of a dangerous cliff, be careful step by step and pay attention to everything to ensure safety and avoid disasters.